O Level Islamic Studies by Ahsan Naqvi

                                 TIMELINE FOUR PIOUS CALIPHS YEAR           RULE                         AH                                          CALIPH 632             (2.5 years)            11      Abu Bakr (ra)                 First Caliph 634             (10 years)             13      Umar (ra)                       Second Caliph 644             (12 years)             23      Uthman (ra)                   Third Caliph 656             (4.5 years)            35      Ali (ra)                           Fourth Caliph 661                   ----                  40      Assasination of Ali (ra)          

Syllabus The period of rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and their importance as leaders ·        The main events of the rules of the four caliphs ·        Their policies in maintaining and expanding the state ·        Their approaches to leading the community ·        Their main achievements ·        The main difficulties they encountered ·        Their significance as examples of leadership ·        The importance of their rules as models for governments today ·        Their importance as examples for Muslim communities in their relations with the other states